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3 of the most common defects are Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA), and Tetralogy of Fallot
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The number of fetal diagnoses have increased dramatically in the past few years
Congenital Heart Defects
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Genetic predisposition due to Down syndrome
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Approximately 50% of Down syndrome patients have a congenital heart defect, compared to 1% of non-Down syndrome patients
Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD)
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Hole between either the upper or lower chambers of the heart
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Can be either ASD which is a hole only between the atria
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VSD which is a hole only between the ventricles
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Treated with open heart surgery
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Patches are placed to close the holes
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Done after beginning a heart/lung bypass to support circulation
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PDA
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Stands for Patent Ductus Arteriosus
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Occurs when the ductus arteriosus does not close after birth
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Symptoms include fatigue, sweating, quick or heavy breathing, disinterest in eating, and not gaining weight as expected
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NSAIDs can be used in premature babies to help treat
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Can also be treated with an interventional cardiac catheterization
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT
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Fairly rare in all children
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Four different problems
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Ventricular septal defect
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Narrow pulmonary valve
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Enlarged aorta
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Thicker-than-normal right ventricle
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This leads to reduced blood oxygen levels in the rest of the body
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Requires open heart surgery called complete intracardiac repair
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Children often face problems with age such as arrhythmia and CAD
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Requires lifelong care with a cardiologist